Hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system

ABSTRACT

An aircraft comprising a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system. The system comprises a first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly having a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, the first electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a second location. The system also comprises a second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly and a second thermal propulsor assembly, the second thermal propulsor assembly having a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor, the second electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a fourth location.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/727,673 filed on Sep. 6, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/727,678 filed on Sep. 6, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/727,681 filed on Sep. 6, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/727,683 filed on Sep. 6, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,818 filed on Sep. 11, 2018 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/731,384 filed on Sep. 14, 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to aircraft propulsion systems that use power from both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor.

BACKGROUND OF THE ART

Hybrid electric aircraft propulsion systems combine internal combustion and electric propulsion technologies. In an electric propulsion system, electrical energy is converted to rotational energy by an electric motor to drive a propulsion fan or a propeller.

There are environmental and cost benefits to having at least a portion of the power for an aircraft propulsion system come from electric motors. Therefore, there is a need for improvement to existing architectures.

SUMMARY

In accordance with a broad aspect, there is provided an aircraft comprising a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system. The system comprises a first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly having a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, the first electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a second location. The system comprises a second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly and a second thermal propulsor assembly, the second thermal propulsor assembly having a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor, the second electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a fourth location.

In accordance with another broad aspect, there is provided a method for controlling yaw of an aircraft. The method comprises operating an aircraft having a hybrid electric propulsion system and detecting a fault to a first sub-assembly of the hybrid electric propulsion system, the first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a first location and a first thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a second location. In response to detecting the fault, the method comprises shutting down the first electric propulsor assembly and the first thermal propulsor assembly, operating the aircraft with a second sub-assembly of the hybrid electric propulsion system, the second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a third location and a second thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a fourth location, and controlling yaw of the aircraft with the second electric propulsor assembly and the second thermal propulsor assembly.

In accordance with yet another broad aspect, there is provided a hybrid electric propulsion system. The system comprises a first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly having a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, the first electric propulsor assembly attachable to an aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a second location. The system comprises a second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly and a second thermal propulsor assembly, the second thermal propulsor assembly having a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor, the second electric propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a fourth location.

Features of the systems, devices, and methods described herein may be used in various combinations, in accordance with the embodiments described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference is now made to the accompanying figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a gas turbine engine, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system having two electric motors, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system having a dual stator generator, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system having dual stator electric motors, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system having selective connectivity, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system having additional propulsive power, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;

FIGS. 8a-8d are schematic diagrams of a top view of an aircraft with examples of on-wing configurations for the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a first example embodiment for an electric propulsor assembly;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a second example embodiment for an electric propulsor assembly;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a third example embodiment for an electric propulsor assembly;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a fourth example embodiment for an electric propulsor assembly;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a first example embodiment for a thermal propulsor assembly;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a second example embodiment for a thermal propulsor assembly;

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system of FIG. 8;

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of a motor inverter, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment; and

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of an example controller, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

There is described herein a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system and method. The aircraft propulsion system uses power generated by a thermal engine and power generated by an electric generator.

There is also described an aircraft comprising a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system. The system comprising a first sub-assembly and a second sub-assembly. In some embodiments, the aircraft has a first wing and a second wing and the first and second sub-assemblies are mounted to the first and second wings. In some embodiments, each sub-assembly is mounted cross-wing on the aircraft. In some embodiments, the aircraft has a single wing, for example a flying wing aircraft, and the sub-assemblies are mounted to an aircraft body at first and second locations.

Each sub-assembly has a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly comprising a first thermal engine, a first generator coupled to the first thermal engine and to the first electric propulsor assembly, and a first rotating structure coupled to the first thermal engine. The first electric propulsor assembly is attached to the aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly is attached to the aircraft at a second location. The second electric propulsor assembly is attached to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly is attached to the aircraft at a fourth location.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example thermal engine of a type preferably provided for use in subsonic flight, namely a gas turbine engine 10. The gas turbine engine 10 generally comprises in serial flow communication, a fan 12 through which ambient air is propelled, a compressor section 14 for pressurizing the air, a combustor 16 in which the compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited for generating an annular stream of hot combustion gases, and a turbine section 18 for extracting energy from the combustion gases. High pressure rotor(s) 20 of the turbine section 18 are drivingly engaged to high pressure rotor(s) 22 of the compressor section 14 through a high pressure shaft 24. Low pressure rotor(s) 26 of the turbine section 18 are drivingly engaged to the fan rotor 12 and to other low pressure rotor(s) (not shown) of the compressor section 14 through a low pressure shaft 28 extending within the high pressure shaft 24 and rotating independently therefrom.

Although illustrated as a turbofan engine, the gas turbine engine 10 may alternatively be another type of engine, for example a turboshaft engine, also generally comprising in serial flow communication a compressor section, a combustor, and a turbine section. A turboprop engine may also apply. In some embodiments, the thermal engine may be of a type other than a combustion engine, such as a piston engine or a rotary engine. In addition, although the engine 10 is described herein for flight applications, it should be understood that other uses, such as industrial or the like, may apply. Note that a constant volume combustion thermal machine, other than a piston or a rotary engine, may also be used.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated an example embodiment for a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. The system 200 presents an AC-AC architecture, whereby alternating current (AC) electric power is generated and applied directly to an electric motor. In an AC-DC-AC architecture, the AC electric power is converted to direct current (DC) and then reconverted to AC electric power to drive the electric motor. The AC-AC architecture is more efficient than the AC-DC-AC architecture as there are losses incurred during the conversion stages from AC to DC and from DC to AC.

Thermal engine 201 is operatively coupled to a generator 202. The generator 202 receives motive power (or mechanical energy) from the thermal engine 201 and converts the motive power into electrical power. The generator 202 outputs alternating current (AC) electric power. The AC electric power is then provided directly to an electric motor 204. The electric motor 204 converts the AC electric power into mechanical energy in the form of a rotary force. The rotary force is applied to a rotating structure 206 (i.e. a rotating propulsor), such as a propeller or a propulsion fan of an aircraft.

The electric motor 204 also receives AC electric power from a motor inverter 208. The motor inverter 208 is operatively coupled to a battery 210 (or the aircraft electrical system). The battery 210 may be a dedicated battery provided for the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. Alternatively, the electric power supplied to the inverter 208 may come from: an auxiliary power unit, a supplementary power unit, a backup power generator system, or the aircraft electrical system that does not include batteries or capacitors. The motor inverter 208 may thus be connected to the battery 210 via a battery bus on the aircraft, or via dedicated wiring and/or connectors. Any type of device containing one or more cells that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy may be used as the battery 210. In some embodiments, the battery 210 is based on a non-chemical principal, such as using the electricity of a supercapacitor in an energy storage mode.

The motor inverter 208 receives direct current (DC) electric power from the battery 210 (or another direct current source) and converts the DC voltage to AC voltage whose frequency and phase is adjusted to enable the motor 204 to generate mechanical power. The motor inverter 208 can also be used in the opposite sense to charge the battery 210 when the electric motor 204 is being driven by external machine forces, making it behave as a generator, in which condition the inverter can convert AC voltage back into DC voltage. In some embodiments, the motor inverter 208 may also be used in a reverse mode, whereby AC electric power is converted to DC electric power.

The electric motor 204 therefore has a first input operatively coupled to the generator 202 to receive a first source of AC electric power. The electric motor 204 also has a second input operatively coupled to the motor inverter 208 to receive a second source of AC electric power. Note that the electric motor 204 does not need to have two independent inputs (i.e. one from the generator 202 and one from the inverter 208). The output of the generator 202 and the output of the inverter 208 may be combined or connected in parallel before a motor input interface. The electric motor 204 will, in response to receiving either one of the first source of AC electric power and the second source of AC electric power (or both simultaneously), generate a rotating output for driving the rotating structure 206.

A controller 212 is configured for selectively driving the electric motor 204 using the first source of AC electric power from the generator 202, the second source of AC electric power from the motor inverter 208, or a combination thereof. When AC electric power is received concurrently from both the generator 202 and the motor inverter 208, a greater amount of power is available to the electric motor 204. This in turn allows for a greater rotary force to be applied to the rotating structure 206.

In some embodiments, the first source of AC electric power provided by the generator 202 is the primary source of propulsion power for the electric motor 204. For example, under low power operating conditions, such as in cruise mode, all propulsive power for the rotating structure 206 may be provided by the generator 202. Under high power operating conditions, such as in climb mode or take-off mode, a boost of propulsion power may be provided by the battery 210 through the motor inverter 208. A secondary or additional source of electric power is thus available for the electric motor 204 through the motor inverter 208 in order to supplement the electric power provided by the generator 202.

In some embodiments, the motor inverter 208 is sized to match the secondary power requirements of the electric motor 204, i.e. the motor inverter 208 does not need to be a full-size motor inverter in order to drive the electric motor 204 on its own. In addition, there is no need for a generator converter to convert the voltage from AC to DC, since the electric power generated by the generator 202 is fed to the electric motor 204 without conversion. This architecture thus avoids the need for two stages of conversion during low power operating conditions. In some embodiments, the battery 210 is recharged directly from the motor inverter 208.

In some embodiments, the motor inverter 208 is used to recover from or prevent desynchronization of the generator 202 and the electric motor 204. When used for recovery of desynchronization, the motor inverter 208 may resynchronize the frequency of the electric motor 204 to the frequency of the generator 202, in response to a command or control signal received from the controller 212, or in response to logic implemented in the inverter 208 which monitors and seeks to control the frequency and phasing of the generator 202 and motor 204. During resynchronization, the controller 212 may temporarily disconnect the generator 202 from the electric motor 204, for example by opening a relay therebetween. The motor inverter 208 may then adjust the power to the electric motor 204 so that the speed of the electric motor 204 is modified in such a way to match the frequency of the electric motor 204 to the frequency of the generator 202. The electric motor 204 and the generator 202 can then be brought back in phase with each other. Once the electric motor 204 is back in phase with the generator 202, the connection between the generator 202 and the electric motor 204 is restored.

When used for prevention of desynchronization, the motor inverter 208 may actively monitor the phase of the electric motor 204. Upon detection of a mismatch in phase between the generator 202 and the electric motor 204, for example in the case where the motor is slowed down by external forces, the motor inverter 208 may send an electric signal that is in-phase with the electric motor 204, to provide additional power to bring the electric motor 204 back in phase with the generator 202. This feature may be put into effect by the controller 212 or it can be incorporated in the inverter 208.

In some embodiments, the motor inverter 208 is used to recharge the battery 210 or provide additional electrical power to the aircraft electrical systems that are connected to the inverter 208. For example, the motor inverter 208 can increase the power demand on the generator 202, such that the power produced by the generator exceeds the power required by the rotating structure 206 or load, and feed the excess power back to the battery 210 or aircraft electrical system. Alternatively, the motor inverter 208 can increase the power going to the electric motor 204 by feeding energy from the battery 210 to the electric motor 204. This in turn increases the power available to the rotating structure 206. The motor inverter 208 can either increase the available torque to the rotating structure 206 (ex: for a variable pitch propeller, additional torque may be required depending on the selected pitch of the propeller), or it can act as a generator to extract energy from a windmilling propeller by converting the AC voltage to a DC voltage that is higher than DC bus voltage in order to recharge the battery or feed electrical power back to the aircraft electrical system, if so desired. The inverter 208 has the ability to control the voltage on the DC bus, thereby controlling the power going to the DC bus.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated another example embodiment for a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. In this example, two electric motors 204 a, 204 b are driven by the generator 202. Each electric motor 204 a, 204 b, is associated with its own rotating structure 206 a, 206 b, respectively. Two motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are also provided, one to feed each one of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b, respectively. It should be understood that a single motor inverter 308 may also be used instead of two separate motor inverters 208 a, 208 b. The motor inverter 308 would then be sized for the power requirements of two electric motors 204 a, 204 b instead of just one of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b. In addition, the motor inverter 308 would need to be disconnected from electric motor 204 a in order to perform a resynchronization of electric motor 204 b, and disconnected from electric motor 204 b in order to perform a resynchronization of electric motor 204 a.

In some embodiments, the two motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are interconnected, in case of a failure of one of the two motor inverters 208 a, 208 b. For example, if one motor inverter 208 a fails, the other motor inverter 208 b may be used to charge the battery 210 or to drive the electric motor 204 a associated with the failed motor inverter 208 a. This may also be achieved using a series of connections between the electric motors 204 a, 204 b and the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b to allow for selective connection and disconnection of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b to the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b.

In some embodiments, one or more relays 314 a, 314 b are provided in the interconnection path between the generator 202 and each one of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b, respectively. The relays 314 a, 314 b are an example embodiment for allowing selective connection and disconnection of the generator 202 to either one of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b. Other means of connection/disconnection may also be used.

The electric motors 204 a, 204 b may be provided on separate wings of an aircraft. Alternatively, they may be provided on a same wing of an aircraft. Also alternatively, one or both of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b may be provided in the nacelle or hub of a rotating propulsion device such as a propeller, fan, lift rotor or thruster, or in the hub of a contra-rotating propeller, fan rotor or thruster.

Three or more electric motors may be provided, whereby each electric motor 204 is associated with a motor inverter 208. Alternatively, two or more motor inverters 208 may be combined to form a larger motor inverter 308 for all of the electric motors 204 or a subset thereof.

FIG. 4 illustrates yet another embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. In this example, the generator 202 is a dual stator generator, having a first generator stator 402 a driving one electric motor 204 a and a second generator stator 402 b driving the other electric motor 204 b. Note that this embodiment could also be applied to three or more sets of generator stators, motors and inverters. Two or more of the inverters 208 may be combined to form a larger motor inverter 308 for all the electric motors 204 or a subset thereof. In some embodiments, motor inverters 208 a, 208 b comprise a converter to perform the conversion from AC to DC to recharge the battery 210. The electric motors 204 a, 204 b are driven independently from each other. Relays 314 a, 314 b may or may not be present in this embodiment, so as to allow a selective connection/disconnection of the generator 202 and the electric motors 204 a, 204 b.

FIG. 5 illustrates another example embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. In this example, one or more of the electric motors 204 a, 204 b have dual stators. The example illustrated shows electric motor 204 a having a first motor stator 502 a and a second motor stator 504 a, and electric motor 204 b having a first motor stator 502 b, and a second motor stator 504 b. Motor stator 502 a is operatively coupled to generator stator 402 a, and motor stator 502 b is operatively coupled to generator stator 402 b. Motor stator 504 a is operatively coupled to motor inverter 208 a, and motor stator 504 b is operatively coupled to motor inverter 208 b. In this configuration, the generator 202 does not share the same motor stator as the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b, thus resulting in the generator power and the motor inverter power being independent from one another. Should the motor inverter 208 a be used to recharge the battery 210, stator 504 b would act as a motor while stator 504 a would act as a generator from which a conversion from AC to DC is required to recharge the battery 210. Should the motor inverter 208 b be used to recharge the battery 210, stator 504 a would act as a motor while stator 504 b would act as a generator from which a conversion from AC to DC is required to recharge the battery 210.

Referring to FIG. 6, there is illustrated another embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. In this example, additional connections are provided between the generator 202, the electric motors 204 a, 204 b, and the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b. Generator stator 402 a may be selectively connected to both stators 502 a, 504 a of the electric motor 204 a by closing relays 314 a and 314 c and opening relay 314 d. Generator stator 402 b may be selectively connected to both stators 502 b, 504 b of the electric motor 204 b by closing relays 314 b and 314 e and opening relay 314 f. Motor inverter 208 a may be selectively connected to both stators 502 a, 502 b of the electric motor 204 a by closing relays 314 d and 314 c and opening relay 314 a. Motor inverter 208 b may be selectively connected to both stators 502 b, 504 b of the electric motor 204 b by closing relays 314 f and 314 e and opening relay 314 b. Also, each stator 502 a and/or 502 b can be connected to both the generator stator 402 a and the inverter 208A simultaneously, without opening relay 314 a if so desired. This is useful to be able to use the inverters to either provide additional power or extract power to recharge batteries, or provide power to the aircraft DC bus, or to adjust and to maintain the motor and generator in phase with each other. Likewise for the other motor and associated generator stator, inverters, relays etc. This architecture provides the ability for the generator 202 to drive both stators 502 a, 504 a or 502 b, 504 b of either electric motor 204 a, 204 b, and for the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b, to drive both stators 502 a, 504 a or 502 b, 504 b of either electric motor 204 a, 204 b.

The architecture of FIG. 6 also provides the ability to recharge the battery 210 directly from the generator 202 by closing relays 314 a, 314 c, 314 d and/or 314 b, 314 e, 314 f, thereby providing a direct path between the generator 202 and the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b, respectively. In such a case, one or both of motor inverters 208 a, 208 b would need to be provided with an AC-DC converter to transform the AC power received by the generator 202 into DC power for the battery 210. The architecture of FIG. 6 also provides the ability for the battery to be used to provide mechanical power to the thermal engine, by driving the stator 402 a or 402 b as an electric motor instead of as a generator, if so desired, for example if this is useful to start the thermal engine or drive auxiliary systems such as pumps that are connected to the generator shaft before the engine is started. The same could be said of other embodiments.

Turning to FIG. 7, there is illustrated yet another embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200. In this example, a rotating structure 206 c is operatively coupled to the thermal engine 201 so as to provide additional propulsion to the aircraft. Indeed, the motive power generated by the thermal engine 201 may also be applied directly to a rotating structure 206 c such as a propeller or propulsion fan of the aircraft in order to supplement propulsion provided by rotating structures 206 a, 206 b.

It should be noted that while rotating structure 206 c is illustrated in combination with the embodiment of FIG. 4, it may also be added to any of the other embodiments provided in FIGS. 2, 3, 5 and 6, as well as variants thereof. Variants thereof include, for example, a three-stator generator connected to three electric motors. It will be understood that the present embodiments apply to any number of generator stators and motor stators. Another example of a variant to the present embodiments is a three stator electric motor, each stator connected to one of a generator stator, a first motor inverter, and a second motor inverter. The first and second motor inverters can be connected to a same battery or to separate batteries. Other variants will be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

The hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200 described herein may be mounted to an aircraft using various configurations. FIG. 8a is an example embodiment showing an aircraft 800 having a fuselage 802, a first wing 804 and a second wing 806. The aircraft 800 is equipped with a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system comprising two sub-assemblies provided on-wing. A first sub-assembly comprises a first electric propulsor assembly 808 a mounted to the first wing 804 and a first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a mounted to the first wing 804. The electric propulsor assembly 808 a and the thermal propulsor assembly 810 a are connected together. A second sub-assembly comprises a second electric propulsor assembly 808 b mounted to the second wing 808 b and a second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b mounted to the second wing 806. The electric propulsor assembly 808 b and the thermal propulsor assembly 810 b are connected together.

FIG. 8b is an example embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system provided in a cross-wing configuration. The first sub-assembly comprises the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a mounted to the first wing 804 at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a mounted to the second wing 806 at a second location. The electric propulsor assembly 808 a and the thermal propulsor assembly 810 a are connected together. The second sub-assembly comprises the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b mounted to the second wing 808 b at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b mounted to the first wing 804 at a fourth location. The electric propulsor assembly 808 b and the thermal propulsor assembly 810 b are connected together. In this example, the first location and the third location are adjacent, and the second location and the fourth location are adjacent. In an alternative embodiment, the first location and fourth location are adjacent, and the second location and third location are adjacent, such that the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a is next to the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b, and the second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b is next to the first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a.

In some embodiments, instead of being mounted cross-wing, the sub-assemblies are mounted cross-fuselage, such that each sub-assembly has one of an electric propulsor assembly and a thermal propulsor assembly on a given side of the fuselage. Any cross-mounting of the sub-assemblies may be used in a manner that balances the thrust produced across the aircraft.

The cross-mounting of the sub-assemblies, whether cross-wing, cross-fuselage, or other, allows for a control of yaw of the aircraft, particularly in the case of a fault to any of the sub-assemblies 808 a, 808 b, 810 a, 810 b. In response to detecting a fault, for example to the first sub-assembly, the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a and first thermal propulsor assembly 810 b may be shut down and the aircraft may be operated with the second sub-assembly. The yaw of the aircraft can still be controlled using the second electric propulsor assembly 810 b and second thermal propulsor assembly 808 b.

FIG. 8c is an example embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system provided in a cross-wing configuration and having only one sub-assembly, composed of the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a mounted to the first wing 804 and connected to the first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a mounted to the second wing 806.

FIG. 8d is an example embodiment of the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system provided as a combination of an on-wing and off-wing configuration. The first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a is mounted to the fuselage 802 and connected to the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a mounted to the first wing 804 and the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b mounted to the second wing.

FIG. 9 illustrates a first embodiment for the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a, which may also be duplicated in the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b. The electric motor 204 a is coupled to the rotating structure 206 a and to the motor inverter 208 a. The motor inverter 208 a receives DC electric power from a DC power source, such as a battery, converts the DC electric power to AC electric power, and provides the AC electric power to the electric motor 204 a. The electric motor 204 a may also receive AC electric power from a generator. The electric motor 204 a converts AC electric power into a rotary force that is applied to the rotating structure 206 a.

FIG. 10 illustrates a second embodiment for the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a, which may also be duplicated in the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b. Two separate electric motors 204 a, 204 b, are provided and each one is coupled to a respective rotating structure 206 a, 206 b. A single motor inverter 208 a is coupled to both electric motors 204 a, 204 b to provide a secondary source of AC electric power, as described in more detail herein.

FIG. 11 illustrates a third embodiment for the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a, which may also be duplicated in the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b. Two separate motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are provided, each one associated to a respective electric motor 204 a, 204 b, to provide a secondary source of AC electric power, as described in more detail herein. Each motor inverter 208 a, 208 b receives DC electric power for conversion to AC electric power. The motor inverters 208 a, 208 b may be connected to a same DC power source or to separate DC power sources. In some embodiments, the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are both connected to the aircraft battery through a battery bus.

FIG. 12 illustrates a fourth embodiment for the first electric propulsor assembly 808 a, which may also be duplicated in the second electric propulsor assembly 808 b. Motor inverters 208 a, 208 b may be selectively connected to both electric motors 204 a, 204 b via a plurality of relays 314 a, 314 b, 314 c, 314 d. It should be understood that the relays 314 a, 314 b, 314 c, 314 d may be replaced by other connection/disconnection means, such as but not limited to a toggle relay that toggles between three positions.

FIG. 13 illustrates a first embodiment for the first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a, which may also be duplicated in the second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b. The thermal engine 201 is coupled between the rotating structure 206 c and the generator 202. The motive power generated by the thermal engine 201 is used to rotate the rotating structure 206 c and is converted into AC electric power by the generator 202.

FIG. 14 illustrates a second embodiment for the first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a, which may also be duplicated in the second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b. The generator 202 is a dual stator generator. Each stator generator 402 a, 402 b independently provides AC electric power.

FIG. 15 is a detailed example a hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200, whereby a first sub-assembly 1502 a comprises a first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a and a first electric propulsor assembly 808 a, and a second sub-assembly 1502 b comprises a second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b and a second electric propulsor assembly 808 b. In this example, the sub-assemblies may be mounted same-wing, as per the example illustrated in FIG. 8a , or cross-wing, as per the example illustrated in FIG. 8 b.

The first thermal propulsor assembly 810 a comprises a dual-stator generator 202 a, a thermal engine 201 a, and a rotating structure 206 c. The second thermal propulsor assembly 810 b comprises a dual stator generator 202 b, a thermal engine 201 b, and a rotating structure 206 f.

The first electric propulsor assembly 808 a comprises a first dual stator motor 204 a, having a first motor stator 502 a and a second motor stator 504 a. A rotating structure 206 a is coupled to the electric motor 204 a. The first electric propulsor assembly 808 a also comprises a second dual stator motor 204 b having a first motor stator 502 b and a second motor stator 504 b. A rotating structure 206 b is coupled to the second electric motor 204 b. A first motor inverter 208 a is coupled to the motor stator 504 a while a second motor inverter 208 b is coupled to the motor stator 504 b. Although not illustrated, the motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are coupled to a DC power source such as battery 210. The motor stator 502 a is coupled to the first generator stator 402 a and the motor stator 502 b is coupled to the second generator stator 402 b.

The second electric propulsor assembly 808 b comprises a first dual stator motor 204 c, having a first motor stator 502 c and a second motor stator 504 c. A rotating structure 206 d is coupled to the first electric motor 204 c. The second electric propulsor assembly 808 b also comprises a second dual stator motor 204 d having a first motor stator 502 d and a second motor stator 504 d. A rotating structure 206 e is coupled to the second electric motor 204 d. A first motor inverter 208 c is coupled to the motor stator 504 c while a second motor inverter 208 d is coupled to the motor stator 504 d. Although not illustrated, the motor inverters 208 c, 208 d are coupled to a DC power source such as battery 210. The motor stator 502 c is coupled to the first generator stator 402 c and the motor stator 502 d is coupled to the second generator stator 402 d.

It will be understood that all of the variants described herein are also applicable to the sub-assemblies 1502 a, 1502 b.

In some embodiments, the various architectures for the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200 are used to address possible failures within the system 200. Various examples of failure modes are described below.

Based on the embodiments of FIGS. 2 to 7, propulsion power for the rotating structure(s) 206 are available via the battery 210 in case of a failure of the thermal engine 201. The available power is however limited by the power & energy capacity of the battery 210 or the aircraft DC bus, and the power rating of the motor inverter(s) 208, 208 a, 208 b, 308. Similarly, in the case of a generator failure due to a short circuit, propulsion power for the rotating structure(s) 206, 206 a, 206 b is available via the battery 210, but limited by the capacity of the battery 210 and the power rating of the motor inverter(s) 208, 208 a, 208 b, 308. In the case of a battery failure, propulsion power is available but limited by the power of the generator 202 and the available fuel for the thermal engine 201.

Based on the embodiments of FIGS. 3 to 7 where there are at least two electric motors 204 a, 204 b, in the case of a failure to one electric motor 204 a, full power is available to the other functional electric motor 204 b. In the case of a failure to one motor inverter 208 a, full power is available to one electric motor 204 b and partial power is available to the other electric motor 204 a, limited by the power of the generator 202 and the available fuel for the thermal engine 201. If the two motor inverters 208 a, 208 b are connected together, then full power may be available to either electric motor 204 a, 204 b.

Based on the embodiments of FIGS. 4 to 7 where the generator 202 has dual stators 402, 404, in the case of a generator failure due to an open-circuit on one of the two stators 402, 404, full power is available to one of the two electric motors 204 a, 204 b. Partial power is available to the other one of the two electric motors 204 a, 204 b, limited by the capacity of the battery 210 and the power rating of the motor inverter 208 a, 208 b associated thereto. In addition, in case of battery depletion, energy from the functioning generator stator can be transferred to the opposite motor through the two motor inverters.

Based on the embodiment of FIG. 5 where each electric motor 204 a, 204 b has two stators, in the case of a failure to one stator 502 a or 504 a, some power is still available from the electric motor 204 a. If the failure is to stator 502 a, power is still available from the battery 210 and is limited by the capacity of the battery 210 and the power rating of the motor inverter 208 a associated thereto and the power rating of the remaining motor stator 504 a. If the failure is to stator 504 a, power is still available from the generator 202 and is limited by the power of the generator 202 and the available fuel for the thermal engine 201 and the power rating of the remaining motor stator 502 a.

Based on the embodiment of FIG. 6, if an inverter 208 a or 208 b fails, full power is still available for the associated electric motor 204 a or 204 b from the generator stator 402 a or 402 b with proper relay configuration, limited by generator rating. Similarly, if a generator stator 402 a or 402 b fails, both motor stators of the associated electric motor 204 a or 204 b may be powered by the battery 210. The total power available would then depend on the rating of the inverter 208 a or 208 b and of the battery 210.

Based on the embodiment of FIG. 7, if both electric motors 204 a, 204 b fail and the aircraft is out of gas, power from the battery can be transferred to the main shaft of the thermal engine 201 to produce propulsion power for the rotating structure 206 c. The motor inverters 208 a, 208 b may be connected to the generator 202 to act as a motor and add power to the rotating structure 206C. If all electric systems fail, the thermal engine 201 can still provide propulsion power for the rotating structure 206 c.

Based on the embodiment of FIG. 8b , this configuration may be used to minimize a yaw imbalance created by a failure to one of the two cross-wing sub-assemblies (808 a and 810 a; 808 b and 810 b). Yaw should be understood as the motion of the aircraft 802 along the direction 814, which is a rotation perpendicular to central axis 812 of the aircraft 802. Yaw motion is generally controlled by the deflection of a rudder, or a hinged section at the rear of the aircraft 802. When rotating structures on one side of an aircraft are no longer in operation, a force imbalance is created from the rotating structures still in operation on the other side of the aircraft. The force imbalance is countered using the rudder. Using the configuration illustrated in FIG. 8b , the force imbalance is minimized in case of a failure to one sub-assembly as the remaining rotating structures are still provided on each side of the aircraft. In some embodiments, the size of the rudder may be reduced due to the minimal impact to the yaw motion in case of a power failure to one sub-assembly. In other embodiments, the size of the rudder is maintained but additional performance is obtained in case of a power failure to one sub-assembly. For example, the take-off weight may be increased or the take-off distance may be shortened due to the additional torque that may be generated by the rudder, as compared to the performance obtained in case of a power failure when the rudder must compensate for the force imbalance on one side of the aircraft.

FIG. 16 is an example embodiment of a motor inverter 208. There is illustrated one of many possible embodiments that can be used with the hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system 200 described herein. Lines V+ and V− are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the battery 210. Lines A, B, C are connected to an electric motor 204, and represent the three phases of the AC electric power provided thereto. In some embodiments, lines A, B, C are connected to motor stator 504 a or 504 b.

With reference to FIG. 17, there is illustrated an example embodiment of controller 212, comprising a processing unit 1702 and a memory 1704 which has stored therein computer-executable instructions 1706. FIG. 17 may also represent a control function embedded in the inverter 208. The processing unit 1702 may comprise any suitable devices configured to implement the system such that instructions 1706, when executed by the controller 212 or other programmable apparatus, may cause the functions/acts/steps as described herein to be executed. The processing unit 1702 may comprise, for example, any type of general-purpose microprocessor or microcontroller, a digital signal processing (DSP) processor, a central processing unit (CPU), an integrated circuit, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a reconfigurable processor, other suitably programmed or programmable logic circuits, or any combination thereof.

The memory 1704 may comprise any suitable known or other machine-readable storage medium. The memory 1704 may comprise non-transitory computer readable storage medium, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The memory 1704 may include a suitable combination of any type of computer memory that is located either internally or externally to the controller 212, for example random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), electro-optical memory, magneto-optical memory, erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), and electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Ferroelectric RAM (FRAM) or the like. Memory 1704 may comprise any storage means (e.g., devices) suitable for retrievably storing machine-readable instructions 1706 executable by processing unit 1702. Note that the controller 212 can be implemented as part of a full-authority digital engine controls (FADEC) or other similar device, including electronic engine control (EEC), engine control unit (EUC), and the like.

The methods and systems described herein may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming or scripting language, or a combination thereof, to communicate with or assist in the operation of a computer system, for example the controller 212. Alternatively, the methods and systems may be implemented in assembly or machine language. The language may be a compiled or interpreted language. Program code for implementing the methods and systems may be stored on a storage media or a device, for example a ROM, a magnetic disk, an optical disc, a flash drive, or any other suitable storage media or device. The program code may be readable by a general or special-purpose programmable computer for configuring and operating the computer when the storage media or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein. Embodiments of the methods and systems may also be considered to be implemented by way of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having a computer program stored thereon. The computer program may comprise computer-readable instructions which cause a computer, or in some embodiments the processing unit 1702 of the controller 212, to operate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functions described herein.

Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, including program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.

The above description is meant to be exemplary only, and one skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made to the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention disclosed. Still other modifications which fall within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, in light of a review of this disclosure.

Various aspects of the systems and methods described herein may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments. Although particular embodiments have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects. The scope of the following claims should not be limited by the embodiments set forth in the examples, but should be given the broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the description as a whole. 

1. An aircraft comprising a hybrid electric propulsion system, the system comprising: a first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly having a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, the first electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a second location; and a second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly and a second thermal propulsor assembly, the second thermal propulsor assembly having a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor, the second electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a fourth location.
 2. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the first location and the third location are adjacent, and the second location and the fourth location are adjacent.
 3. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the first location and the fourth location are adjacent, and the second location and the third location are adjacent.
 4. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein the first sub-assembly is mounted cross-wing to the aircraft, and the second sub-assembly is mounted cross-wing to the aircraft.
 5. The aircraft of claim 1, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly comprises a first electric motor, a third rotating structure coupled to the first electric motor, and a first motor inverter coupled between a direct current (DC) power source and the first electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly comprises a second electric motor, a fourth rotating structure coupled to the second electric motor, and a second motor inverter coupled between the DC power source and the second electric motor.
 6. The aircraft of claim 5, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly further comprises a third electric motor and a fifth rotating structure coupled to the third electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly further comprises a fourth electric motor and a sixth rotating structure coupled to the fourth electric motor.
 7. The aircraft of claim 6, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly further comprises a third motor inverter coupled to the third electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly further comprises a fourth motor inverter coupled to the fourth electric motor.
 8. A method for controlling yaw of an aircraft, the method comprising: operating an aircraft having a hybrid electric propulsion system; detecting a fault to a first sub-assembly of the hybrid electric propulsion system, the first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a first location and a first thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a second location; in response to detecting the fault: shutting down the first electric propulsor assembly and the first thermal propulsor assembly; operating the aircraft with a second sub-assembly of the hybrid electric propulsion system, the second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a third location and a second thermal propulsor assembly attached to the aircraft at a fourth location; and controlling yaw of the aircraft with the second electric propulsor assembly and the second thermal propulsor assembly.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the first location and the third location are adjacent, and the second location and the fourth location are adjacent.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the first location and the fourth location are adjacent, and the second location and the third location are adjacent.
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the first sub-assembly is mounted cross-wing to the aircraft, and the second sub-assembly is mounted cross-wing to the aircraft.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein the first thermal propulsor assembly comprises a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, and wherein the second thermal propulsor assembly comprises a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly comprises a first electric motor, a third rotating structure coupled to the first electric motor, and a first motor inverter coupled between a direct current (DC) power source and the first electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly comprises a second electric motor, a fourth rotating structure coupled to the second electric motor, and a second motor inverter coupled between the DC power source and the second electric motor.
 14. A hybrid electric aircraft propulsion system comprising: a first sub-assembly having a first electric propulsor assembly and a first thermal propulsor assembly, the first thermal propulsor assembly having a first thermal engine, a first generator and a first rotating propulsor, the first electric propulsor assembly attachable to an aircraft at a first location and the first thermal propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a second location; and a second sub-assembly having a second electric propulsor assembly and a second thermal propulsor assembly, the second thermal propulsor assembly having a second thermal engine, a second generator and a second rotating propulsor, the second electric propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a third location and the second thermal propulsor assembly attachable to the aircraft at a fourth location.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly comprises a first electric motor, a third rotating structure coupled to the first electric motor, and a first motor inverter coupled between a direct current (DC) power source and the first electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly comprises a second electric motor, a fourth rotating structure coupled to the second electric motor, and a second motor inverter coupled between the DC power source and the second electric motor.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly further comprises a third electric motor and a fifth rotating structure coupled to the third electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly further comprises a fourth electric motor and a sixth rotating structure coupled to the fourth electric motor.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein: the first electric propulsor assembly further comprises a third motor inverter coupled to the third electric motor; and the second electric propulsor assembly further comprises a fourth motor inverter coupled to the fourth electric motor.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein: the first motor inverter is selectively connected to the first electric motor and the third electric motor, and the third motor inverter is selectively connected to the first electric motor and the third electric motor; and the second motor inverter is selectively connected to the second electric motor and the fourth electric motor, and the fourth motor inverter is selectively connected to the second electric motor and the fourth electric motor.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein: the first generator comprises a first generator stator connected to the first electric motor and a second generator stator connected to the third electric motor; and the second generator comprises a third generator stator connected to the second electric motor and a fourth generator stator connected to the fourth electric motor.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein: the first electric motor comprises a first motor stator connected to the first generator stator and a second motor stator connected to the first motor inverter; the second electric motor comprises a third motor stator connected to the third generator stator and a fourth motor stator connected to the second motor inverter; the third electric motor comprises a fifth motor stator connected to the second generator stator and a sixth motor stator connected to the third motor inverter; and the fourth electric motor comprises a seventh motor stator connected to the fourth generator stator and an eighth motor stator connected to the fourth motor inverter. 